普惠贸易的概况——第六届APEC电子商务工商联盟论坛背景资料

普惠贸易的背景

background for inclusive trade

1. 互联网技术的发展与普及

Wide spread of Internet and communication technology

互联网技术的不断进展，及其在商业领域的广泛应用，带来产品的创新和贸易效率的提升

2. 第三方跨境服务平台兴起的赋能

Third party platform for cross-border e-commerce

普惠贸易的可能性与实现多仰赖于第三方跨境平台服务的兴起和发达，可以说普惠贸易就是互联网平台经济所促成的显著成果，平台是互联网技术在国际贸易领域应用中最具影响力的创新。

互联网时代的全球贸易体系主要依赖平台，依功能可分为5种型态：信息撮合、交易、支付、物流、综合服务

3. 运输技术和物流解决方案的进步 global logistic technology and service

搭配互联网和第三方平台，促使跨境零售的运送成本降低，并实现满足少量多样需求跨国交付的可能性和选择性

4. 科技、媒体的进展与全球经济的变迁影响消费需求的型态，消费需求的变化，

global transformation of trade procedures ( triggering global fragmented supply and demand with long tail effect),

产品创新和多样化

产品生命周期区趋短，迭代、换代愈趋频繁

消费偏好和趋势转向迅速

中产阶级在各国壮大，促使物美价廉与个性化的消费需求两极化

货物进出口型态趋向碎片化（多频次、少量、多样）

借助互联网和平台，长尾商品在全球范围下成为跨境电商的要角

5. 贸易便利化的推展 trade facilitation policies

贸易单证电子化

数字化单一窗口的推动

各国配合推行贸易便利化的各种措施

各国政府对跨境电商的支持和政策配合

互联网的蓬勃发展带来的商业模式、产品、及市场结构的变化，使得国际贸易出现转型。消费者、企业和更多在传统贸易中的弱势群体都可以参与到国际贸易中来，获得更优质的资源、服务和多种多样的渠道，国际市场信息更透明，贸易流程更方便，因此，互联网使得国际贸易出现“普惠”的特点。

普惠贸易，亦即包容性贸易，是指各个阶层的贸易主体，尤其是贸易弱势群体能够参与到贸易中来的服务。其核心是有效、全面地为社会所有阶层和群体提供贸易服务，一方面，是那些被传统贸易忽视的中小微型企业、个体商户等，另一方面，消费者也可以直接与全球的商户、消费者沟通，参与到国际贸易中来，并且获得更加多样化的产品和服务，实现全球性的消费。

普惠贸易必须体现的特征：

what is inclusive trade?

It is characterized by the following:

1) 使传统贸易中的弱势群体能够参与到国际贸易中来

(it is possible for SMEs, micro -sized enterprises, and individuals to participate in global trade)

2) 贸易流程更加方便透明(simple and transparent global trade procedures )

3) 参与国际贸易的渠道较为容易

(easy access to the global market channels, opportunities with low cost and expenses)

4) 国际贸易全方位服务

(affordable access to the global business services, including trade financing, marketing, data mining, credit rating, etc.)

5) 全球消费者能够方便购买来自全球任意地点的商品

(individualized and wider choices of products for global consumers from all over the world)

6) 贸易中的参与主体，包括消费者、小企业等，能够从普惠贸易中获得利益

( benefits obtained directly by the global suppliers and consumers)

What is the implication of inclusive trade?

- Is it happening? How can we measure the inclusive trade?

- Is it an innovative way of doing global trade?

- How is it different from the traditional global trade?

- How can we make it possible?

- What is the role of the cross-border e-commerce platforms?

- What is the role of the government and what is the regulation suitable for inclusive trade?

- How can we measure the inclusive trade is beneficial to all stakeholders? Employment opportunities, consumer warfare, SMEs and economic growth, poverty reduction, etc.

- How can we meet all the challenges? Global consumer protection, cross-border personal information protection, cross-border identification and certification, taxation, etc.

- How is the international cooperation? Pilot projects, PPP arrangement, technical assistance, capacity building, cross-border trade data exchange, etc.

- What is the future of global trade regime?